Environment dependent - temperature independent color changing label

ABSTRACT

A timing device comprises a sensing material and/or a component which is sensitive to the presence of an environmental attribute. The environmental attribute drives and speeds up or slows the timing device as the concentration of the attribute increases or decreases, respectively. Alternatively, the timing device is activated upon sensing the presence of the environmental attribute and indicates a total passage of time from exposure/activation of the timing device. Particularly, sensing materials of varying types are able to be used to indicate exposure to a variety of substances. For example, in some embodiments, the timing device comprises a sensing material which is sensitive to the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Alternatively, the sensing material is sensitive to other variables such as x-ray radiation and nuclear radiation. In further embodiments, the sensing material is sensitive to biological or physical contamination.

RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This Patent Application is a continuation-in-part of the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/713,045, filed on Feb. 25, 2010 and entitled “TIME DEPENDENT-TEMPERATURE INDEPENDENT COLOR CHANGING LABEL,” which is a continuation-in-part of the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/902,728, filed Sep. 21, 2007 and entitled “TIMING SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME,” which is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/865,724, filed Jun. 9, 2004 and entitled “TIMING SYSTEM AND DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME,” now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,372,780 which is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/376,672, filed Feb. 26, 2003 and entitled “TIMING SYSTEM AND DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME,” now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,931 B2, which is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/319,233 filed Dec. 13, 2002, and entitled “TIMING SYSTEM AND DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME,” now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,801,477 B2. The co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/713,045, filed on Feb. 25, 2010 and entitled “TIME DEPENDENT-TEMPERATURE INDEPENDENT COLOR CHANGING LABEL,” the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/902,728, filed Sep. 21, 2007 and entitled “TIMING SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME,” and the U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,372,780, 6,822,931 B2 and 6,801,477 B2 are all hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to timing systems and devices and a method for making the same. More specifically, the invention relates to systems and devices for and methods of indicating the passage of a duration time.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are a number of different timing systems and devices, generally referred to as time-temperature indicators (TTIs), which can be used to monitor the exposure of objects to a range of temperatures over a specified period of time. In an early example, Witonsky, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,942,467, describes a time-temperature indicator with an encapsulated inner container and a pH sensitive dye solution contained therein. The device of Witonsky further has an encapsulated outer container containing an organic material which undergoes solvolysis. The outer container and the inner container are separated by a membrane. When the membrane between the inner container and the outer container is broken, the contents of the containers mix and over a period of time change color, thus providing an indication of the passage of a duration of time. A number of other time-temperature indicators utilize wicking techniques (such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,472 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,264, both issued to Prusik et al.) or diffusion layer techniques (such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,330 issued to Nichols and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,930,206 and 5,633,835 both issued to Haas et al.). In U.S. Pat. No. 6,198,701 issued to De Jonghe et al., an electrochemical timing device is described, whereby consumption of an electrode is used to provide an indication of the passage of a duration of time.

Time-temperature indicators can have a number of different applications for indicating when an event or activity needs to take place. For example, time-temperature indicators have applications for indicating when the perishable materials have expired and need to be thrown out. Time-temperature indicators also have applications for general inventory management, for monitoring projects, activities and a host of other time and/or temperature dependent events. Therefore, there is a continued need to develop reliable timing systems and devices which can be used for a variety of different applications.

In a further aspect, time-temperature indicators may be used to indicate a level or time of exposure to environmental attributes. Particularly, such a timing device is adaptable for indicating a time and/or level of exposure to harmful environmental attributes including ultraviolet radiation, x-ray radiation, nuclear radiation, biological contamination and physical contamination, to name a few. In this respect, the timing device has applications for indicating when a safe time or exposure threshold has been reached.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a device and system for indicating the passage of a duration of time and a method of making the same. While, the present invention is referred to herein as a timing device, it is understood that the timing device of the present invention can also be sensitive to temperature. While a timing device, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, can be configured to be more or less sensitive to temperature, the timing device will generally react, or change, at a faster rate at higher temperatures unless the timing device is configured with a temperature compensating element, such as described in detail below.

A timing device, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention is a chemical-based timing device, electrochemical-based timing device, or a combination thereof. The timing device, when actuated, provides a visual indication of a passage of time. The timing device is configured as a “stand alone” indicator or, alternatively, is configured to be coupled with any number of circuits which also provide an audible signal or otherwise sense and/or store information regarding the operation of the device.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a lens, a base and means for altering the visibility of the base through the lens and thereby indicating the passage of a duration of time. In some embodiments, the means for altering the visibility of the base through the lens comprises an optical medium positioned between the lens and the base. The optical medium comprises chemicals and/or elements of a battery that react or otherwise change over time and, thereby alters the visibility of the base through the lens. For example, one or more of the materials, layers or components of the optical medium are converted from opaque to transparent or, alternatively, from transparent to opaque, thereby increasing or decreasing the visibility of the base through the lens, respectfully. Alternately, one or more of the materials, layers or components of the optical medium are dissolved or depleted, thereby altering the visibility of the base through the lens.

In accordance with the embodiments of the invention, the optical medium comprises a solid layer positioned between the lens and the base, also referred to herein as a lens coating layer, and a fluid layer positioned between the solid layer and the base. The fluid layer contains gel, water and any suitable chemical(s) required to change the solid layer from opaque to transparent, change the layer from transparent to opaque, deplete the solid layer or dissolve the solid layer, as explained in detail below. In some embodiments of the invention, the solid layer is opaque and when the device is actuated, the fluid layer dissolves the solid layer over a duration of time, thereby making the base visible through the lens and indicating the passage of a duration of time.

In further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises an indicator between the lens and the lens coating layer to enhance the visual indication of the passage of time. Suitable indicators are fluids or solid, and can include, but are not limited to pH indicators and reactive dye indicators, which generate a color change when reacted with the fluid layer, after the fluid layer sufficiently depletes or dissolves the lens coating layer. Alternatively, the lens coating layer is a semi-porous membrane layer, wherein the indicator provides a color change when a sufficient amount of the reactive species from the fluid medium migrates through the membrane layer.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises a battery, wherein at least a portion of the optical medium between the solid layer and the base actively participates in an electrochemical process resulting in a visual change indicating the passage of a duration of time. In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, the battery is a galvanic cell and the optical medium comprises an electrolyte. A galvanic cell is a battery where reduction and oxidation of species within the battery will occur spontaneously as long as there is a conductive path from a first electrode of the cell to a second electrode of the cell. In operation a material within the electrolyte is plated between the base and the lens, thereby reducing the visibility of the base through the lens. Alternatively, an opaque electrode positioned between the lens and the base is depleted, thereby increasing the visibility of the base through the lens.

In still further embodiments of the invention, the battery is an electrolytic cell. An electrolytic cell requires a current from another battery, or other current source, to drive the reduction and oxidation of species within the battery. In accordance with this embodiment, a current from an external battery, or current source, flows through the battery and a material within the electrolyte is plated out between the lens and the base, thereby reducing the visibility of the base through the lens. Alternatively, an opaque electrode positioned between the lens and the base is depleted, thereby increasing the visibility of the base through the lens.

Regardless of whether a timing device is configured to operate as a galvanic cell or as an electrolytic cell, the timing device can comprise a colored electrolyte. In accordance with the embodiments of the invention, the colored electrolyte becomes visible after depleting one or more electrode materials positioned between a transparent lens and the colored electrolyte, thereby indicating the passage of a duration of time. For example, a timing device comprises a clear lens formed from a polymer, such as polyester. The polyester lens is coated with a first electrode material, such as aluminum. The timing device further comprises a base structure with a second electrode material. The second electrode material is able be any metal with a reduction potential that is less than a reduction potential of the first electrode material. If the device is being operated as an electrolytic cell, as explained above, then the reduction potential of the first electrode material and the second electrode material is able to be the same. Between the first electrode material and the base structure is the colored electrolyte and when the device is activated, the first electrode material is depleted from the transparent lens and the colored electrolyte becomes visible, thereby indicating the passage of the duration of time.

In accordance with further embodiments of the invention, a timing device is configured with a lens structure and/or the base structure formed from a conductive polymer with an electrode material coated thereon. The conductive polymer is believed to help ensure uniform plating and/or depletion of electrode materials when the device is activated, such as described in detail above. Alternatively, or in addition to the use of a conductive polymer, as described above, a metal screen is able to be in contact with, or imbedded in, one or more of the electrode materials to help ensure uniform plating and/or depletion of electrode materials.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device is configured to operate as an electrochemical cell and includes an electrolyte with an indicator. For example, the timing device comprises an electrolyte with a pH indicator that changes color when the electrochemical cell is activated, such as described above, and the electrochemical cell generates a sufficient concentration of an ion or a pH altering species within the electrolyte.

A timing device, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, is actuated using any number of different mechanisms or combination of mechanisms. For example, where the timing device is a chemical-based timing device, the timing device is formed in parts, wherein a first part comprises a first reactive region and a second part comprises a second reactive region. To form an activated device, the first part and the second part are brought together and the first reactive region and the second reactive region are held eclipsed and in contact. Alternatively, a chemical-based timing device comprises a membrane or a removable structure separating the reactive regions of the device, wherein the membrane is broken or the structure is removed to activate the device.

In some embodiments, where the timing device is an electrochemical-based timing device, the device is actuated by a switch mechanism that closes a circuit between electrode elements of a galvanic or an electrolytic cell. Alternatively, the device is fabricated in parts as described above, wherein the parts have contact features, which when brought together close a circuit between the electrode elements of a galvanic or an electrolytic cell. An actuator switch, in accordance with further embodiments of the invention, is in electrical communication with a thermosensor, wherein the thermosensor instructs the actuator switch to close a circuit between electrode elements of a galvanic or an electrolytic cell within a range of temperatures.

In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a timing device and system comprises a photo-sensitive component, element or film. For example, a timing device comprises a piece of photographic film, which is color film, black and white film or a combination thereof. The photographic film is formed from a base with a photographic medium coated or deposited thereon, wherein the photographic film is capable of being activated to change color or shade and thereby indicate the passage of a duration of time. The photographic material is any photographic medium, but in some embodiments comprises a silver-based material including, but not limited to, silver chloride, silver fluoride, silver iodide and/or combinations thereof. In yet other embodiments of the invention the photographic medium comprises a silver-soap (Ag⁺ cations in a fatty acid such as stearic acid) often used in thermally-activated films. Where the photographic medium is a silver halide, the silver halide is mixed with a binder, such as cellulose or gelatin, to hold the silver halide material on the base.

The photographic material, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, is made to be thermally and/or light sensitive using any number of techniques known in the art, including the addition of sulfur and gold and/or a dye, such as an infrared absorbing dye. To activate the photographic medium a developer is applied to the film. There are a number of materials that is able to be used for developing photographic materials, such as hydroquinone-based developers. Generally, all developers contain chemicals that assist in the reduction of silver halide or silver cations to form a darkened or colored image.

In accordance with the embodiments of the invention, a developer is incorporated into the construction of the film and a timing device is thermally activated or is activated by removing a barrier between the photographic material and the developer. Alternatively, the photographic material and the developer are included on separate parts or regions of a timing device and are activated by bringing together a part or region of the film with the photographic material with a part or region of the film with the developer.

In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a device comprises a film with zones that change color at different rates and, therefore, provide an indication of the passage of a range of times. Each of the zones comprises a photographic material, as explained above, or other chemical and/or electro-chemical materials that can be activated to change color at different rates. When the zones comprise photographic materials, the zones are made to have different reaction rates by using photographic materials with different sensitivities to heat, light and/or developer, and/or by varying the thickness of diffusion layers deposited over the zones. In accordance with further embodiments of the invention, the zones are made to have different rates of reaction and/or sensitivity to a developer by pre-treating the zones to a range of different light and/or heat exposures, wherein the zones with longer exposures will develop and change color faster than zones with shorter exposures.

A system, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, comprises a timing film, such as described above, and further comprises an adhesion layer for attaching pieces of film to consumer articles, such as containers of leftover food. In some embodiments, the system also comprises a dispenser for conveniently dispensing pieces of film from a stack or roll of the timing film and means, such as a magnet, for attaching the dispenser to a household appliance.

In accordance with the embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises an electrochemical structure, such as described above, that is capable of being activated and configured to generate an audio and/or visual response to indicate passage of a duration of time after being activated. In some embodiments, the timing device also comprises a compensating element such as a varistor, a thermistor and/or combinations thereof. The compensating element is electrically coupled to the electrochemical structure and regulates the time for the response with respect to changes in temperature.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises an electrochromic structure configured to generate a visual indication in a prescribed period of time after being activated. In some embodiments, the timing device also comprises a driver circuit. The driver circuit is electrically coupled to the electrochromic structure and is configured to actuate electrochromic structure in the prescribed period of time. The driver circuit is able to include a timing circuit and a battery structure. Further, the timing circuit is able to be programmable to generate a visual indication in a range of prescribed periods of time. Also, the timing device is able to include zones which are each configured to indicate a passage of a different and predetermined duration of time.

In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises an electrochemical structure and an indicating layer. In some embodiments, the electrochemical structure comprises an indicating electrolyte, a top electrode and a bottom electrode with the indicating layer proximal with the top electrode. In operation, the top and the bottom electrodes are electrically coupled and the top electrode is depleted or partially depleted, allowing the indicating electrolyte to come into contact with the indicating layer and thus generate a visual indication of the passage of time.

In accordance with still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises electrodes that sandwich a solid-state electrolyte. Suitable solid-state electrolytes include, but are not limited to, silver halide (e.g. AgI and RbAg₄I₅), silver selenide (e.g. Ag₂Se), sodium ion complexes (e.g. sodium β-Aluminum and NASICON), lithium ion complexes (e.g. LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂ and LiMnO₂), oxides (e.g cubic stabilized ZrO₂, δ-Bi2O₃, and defect Perovskites) and Fluoride ion complexes (e.g. PbF₂, BaF₂, SrF₂ and CaF₂). In accordance with these embodiments, depletion or partial depletion of at least one of the electrodes provides or initiates a visual indication of a passage of a duration of time, such as described in detail above. The timing device can also include a switch mechanism, a compensating element and/or an indicator, such as a pH indicator, also described in detail above. In yet further embodiments, the timing device includes a plurality of sub-cells or zones that collectively provide a visual indication of a passage of a range of durations of time.

In accordance with a method of the invention, a timing device is formed in parts, such as described with reference to FIGS. 3A-C. For example, a first electrode structure is formed on a first piece of a substrate and a second electrode structure is formed on a second piece of a substrate, wherein at least one of the first electrode structure and the second electrode structure comprises a solid-state electrolyte. In operation the first electrode structure and the second electrode structure are configured to contact each other in a sandwich-like configuration to thereby actuate the timing device and provide a visual indication of a passage of a duration of time. The substrates can be formed from any number of different materials or combinations of materials including glass, metal, plastic and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the substrates are formed from plastic, such as polyester or another similar transparent material. In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a removable protective layer is formed over the first electrode structure and the second electrode structure and is removed prior to placing the first electrode structure and second electrode structure in contact with each other.

In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a timing device has what is referred to herein as a grid array architecture. In accordance with this embodiment, a suitable electrolyte is formed or placed on a suitable base material. Over, and in contact with the electrolyte an anode layer, such as aluminum is formed. A cathode layer configured as traces of an array and made up of a dissimilar metal, such as copper, is formed, on top of and in contact with the aluminum layer. In some embodiments, the cathode layer is not in direct contact with the electrolyte, being blocked by the anode layer, while the anode layer is in direct contact with the electrolyte. A thermistor layer is formed coincident with the cathode layer and in electrical series with the copper cathode. An array of cathode trace structures are formed over and in electrical contact with the anode layer. The anode layer, the cathode layer, the thermistor layer, the cathode trace structures and the contact trace are formed using any suitable technique known in the art including, but not limited to, vapor deposition, sputtering and micro-printing techniques.

A timing device with a grid array architecture preferably includes a mechanism for activating the timing device, such as described above and below. When the timing device is activated the anode layer begins to deplete in a direction away from the cathode trace, thereby exposing sequentially positioned cathode trace structures. Newly exposed cathode trace structures provide points of unequal electrical potential causing current to flow. As anode material depletes away from the newly exposed trace, distance between the leading edges of each increases, which increase resistance and decreases rate of depletion until a new cathode trace is exposed once again. Distances between cathode array traces controls the overall rate that the anode layer is depleted. The number, the spacing, the thicknesses and geometries of the cathode trace structures, as well as the thickness of the anode layer, the cathode layer and thermistor layer, are designed or tailored for the application at hand. Further, the material used to form the thermistor layer, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, is selected to regulate the overall depletion rate of the anode and temperature independence.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises an anode layer, a cathode layer and an electrolyte attached to a suitable lens and base layer, such as described above. In accordance with some embodiments, the anode layer and the cathode layer are positioned adjacent to one another along the longitudinal axis of the timing device. In this embodiment, the anode layer extends longitudinally in a direction away from the cathode layer. When the timing device is activated, the anode layer is depleted at a point nearest to the cathode layer first and progresses in a longitudinal direction away from and perpendicular to the cathode layer. The timing device expires when the anode layer is fully depleted. This is an example of a one-cell device. In some embodiments, the timing device comprises multiple anode depletion patterns or cells that are depleted as the anode layer is depleted. In such a case, the total depletion time of the device equals the sum of depletion times of each individual cell. In some embodiments, the electrolyte has a relatively high resistivity value to achieve a longer expiration time of the timing device. In some embodiments, the electrolyte has a relatively smaller resistivity value to achieve a shorter expiration time of the timing device. In some embodiments, the timing device further comprises a temperature compensating element, such as a thermistor or a temperature dependent resistor. In these embodiments, the temperature compensating element has a temperature curve which inversely matches the temperature curve of the remainder of the cell in its entirety or partially matched which would result in a temperature curve as requested by a user. Consequently, as the temperature of the operating environment changes, the depletion rate of the anode layer either remains constant or varies with external temperature, depending upon the embodiment of the device.

In yet further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises a cathode array architecture such as described above. In accordance with this embodiment, a timing device comprises an anode layer and an electrolyte attached to a suitable lens and base layer and a plurality of cathode trace structures that are reintroduced throughout the timing device. In this embodiment, the anode layer extends longitudinally in a direction away from each cathode trace structure. When the timing device is activated, the anode layer is depleted at a point nearest to the first cathode trace structure and progresses in a longitudinal direction away from and perpendicular to each cathode trace structure. The timing device expires when the anode layer is fully depleted. In some embodiments, the plurality of cathode trace structures are reintroduced at evenly spaced intervals throughout the timing device. In some embodiments, the cathode trace structures are reintroduced at unevenly spaced intervals throughout the timing device. In these embodiments, the cathode trace structures are spaced such that there is an acceleration of the depletion of the anode layer as the device nears expiration. In some embodiments, the lens of the timing device comprises multiple anode depletion patterns printed onto the lens that are uncovered as the anode layer is depleted.

A system in accordance with some embodiments comprises a cathode array architecture with a lens and base, such as described above and further comprises an adhesion layer attached to the base. In this system, the base is adhesive backed with a pressure sensitive adhesive or other adhesive suitable for attaching the system to an article.

A timing device with a cathode array architecture is activated when the electrical circuit becomes complete. In some embodiments, the external electron path is left in the open position. In these embodiments, the external electron path can be set into the closed position by a user or by an automated means during manufacturing. Once the electron path is closed the device is activated and the electrochemical process begins. In some embodiments, the electron path of the timing device is manufactured in a closed position, but the electrolyte is only partially deposited. In these embodiments, an electrolyte is partially deposited until just short of contacting the cathode layer. The timing device is further manufactured with a quantity of electrolyte contained within a protective reservoir, wherein the protective reservoir is molded into the cathode layer, the substrate, the base, or the lens layer and protrudes outward. In this embodiment, the timing device is activated when a user applies pressure to the reservoir thereby breaking the protective barrier and allowing the small quantity of electrolyte to contact the main body of the previously deposited electrolyte. Consequently, the electrolyte contacts the cathode and anode layers, completing the circuit and the timing device is activated.

In another aspect, a timing device comprises an anode layer, a cathode layer, a base layer, an electrolyte attached to the base layer, and an activator to activate the timing device, wherein after activation, the anode layer depletes in a direction away from the cathode layer to indicate a passage of a period of time, and further wherein the rate of depletion is directly related to a concentration of an environmental attribute. In some embodiments, the environmental attribute comprises ultraviolet radiation. In further embodiments, the environmental attribute comprises one or more of x-ray radiation and nuclear radiation. In still further embodiments, the environmental attribute comprises one or more of physical contamination and biological contamination. In some embodiments, the timing device is activated upon sensing the environmental attribute. In some embodiments, the anode layer comprises one or more of zinc (Zn), silver chloride (AgCl), silver bromide (AgBr) and silver iodide (AgI). In further embodiments, the timing device further comprises an attachment mechanism for attaching the device to an additional object. In some embodiments, as the anode layer depletes one or more anode depletion patterns that are printed onto the base are uncovered. In some of these embodiments, the one or more anode depletion patterns indicate an accumulated level of exposure to the environmental attribute. In further embodiments, the one or more anode depletion patterns indicate an overall time of exposure to the environmental attribute.

In a further aspect, a timing device for indicating an exposure to an environmental attribute comprises one or more reactive zones, the one or more reactive zones configured to change color at a different time after being activated and being geometrically arranged to collectively indicate a total exposure to the environmental attribute, wherein the timing device is activated upon initial exposure to the environmental attribute. In some embodiments, a portion of the reactive zones comprises a photosensitive medium that as developed changes color. In further embodiments, a portion of the reactive zones comprise a diffusion layer and a dye that migrates through the diffusion layer to change color. In still further embodiments, a portion of the reactive zones comprises an electro-chemical material that is reduced or oxidized to change color. In some embodiments, a rate of color change of the one or more reactive zones is directly related to a concentration of the environmental attribute. In some embodiments, the total exposure is a range of time.

In still a further aspect, a system for monitoring a level of exposure to an environmental attribute comprises a timing device for indicating an exposure to the environmental attribute, and an external holder for holding the timing device that comprises an attachment mechanism for attaching the system to an additional article. In some embodiments, the external holder comprises a name badge or visitor identification. In some embodiments, the additional article is an item of clothing. In some embodiments, the environmental attribute comprises ultraviolet radiation. In further embodiments, the environmental attribute comprises one or more of x-ray radiation and nuclear radiation. In still further embodiments, the environmental attribute comprises one or more of physical contamination and biological contamination.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND ATTACHMENTS

FIGS. 1A-B show a schematic representation of a timing device, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a timing device, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 3A-C show systems for assembling timing devices, in accordance with the method of the present invention.

FIGS. 4A-C show schematic cross sectional views of several timing device configurations, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5 shows a piece of timing film with a plurality of zones for indicating the passage of a range of times, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional representation of a section of timing film, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 7A-B show schematic cross-sectional views of timing device configurations with compensator elements, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 8A shows a reversible reaction sequence for an electrochromic material used in a timing device, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 8B shows a multi-layer construction for an electrochromic device, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 9A-B show a timing device with a timer circuit, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10 shows a schematic representation of a timing device comprising an indicating electrolyte and an indicating layer, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11 shows a schematic representation of a timing device comprising a solid-state electrolyte, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 12 shows a schematic representation of a timing device comprising a solid-state electrolyte, in accordance with further embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 13A-B show schematic representations of a timing device with a grid array architecture, in accordance with further embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 14 shows a timing device with multiple anode depletion patterns in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 15 shows a timing device with grid array architecture in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 16 shows a timing device with grid array architecture in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 17A shows a piece of timing film with a plurality of zones for indicating the passage of a range of times, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional representation of a section of timing film, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 18A shows an external holder for a timing device in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 18B shows an external holder for a timing device holding a timing device in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIGS. 1A-B, a timing device 100, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention is a chemical-based timing device, an electrochemical-based timing device, or a combination thereof. The timing device 100 comprises a transparent lens 101, a base 105 and an optical medium 103 therebetween. When the device 100 is actuated, the optical medium 103 is changed to a modified medium 103′, thereby altering the visibility of the base 105 through the lens 101 indicating the passage of a duration of time. The lens 101 and base 105 are formed from any suitable material, or combination of materials, including, but not limited to polymers and plastic materials.

Still referring to FIGS. 1A-B, the optical medium 103 comprises any number of different chemicals or elements which over the duration of time alter the visibility of the base 105 through the lens, as explained in detail below. In some embodiments, however, the base 105 becomes more visible through the lens 101 when the device 100 has expired. In order to enhance the visibility of the base 105 through the lens 101, when the device 100 has expired, the base 105 is brightly colored and/or has indicia printed thereon, such that the bright color and/or the indicia are visible through the lens 101 when the device is expired.

Referring now to FIG. 2, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a timing device 200 comprises a lens 201, a base 211 and an optical medium 204, as described above. In some embodiments, the optical medium 204 comprises a fluid layer 207. The fluid layer 207 can be comprised of any number of fluid materials, but in some embodiments comprises a transparent gel material, which is either acid or basic and which is either conductive or insulating, depending on the application at hand. In some embodiments, the optical medium 204 also comprises an opaque layer 205, also referred to herein as a lens coating layer, which does not imply that the opaque layer 205 is necessarily coated directly on the lens 201. The lens coating 205 is formed from a material which will react with the fluid layer 207, when the device 200 is activated. For example, the lens coating layer 205 is formed from a hardened gel, such as gelatin and thiosulfate. In some embodiments, the liquid layer 207 dissolves the lens coating layer 205 when the device 200 is activated, thereby increasing the visibility of the base therebelow and indicating the passage of a duration of time.

Still referring to FIG. 2, in further embodiments of the invention, a timing device 200 comprises an activation layer 203. The activation layer 203 comprises an indicator, such as a pH indicator which reacts with the fluid layer 207, when the fluid layer 207 sufficiently depletes or dissolves the lens coating layer 205. Alternatively, an indicator is incorporated into the lens coating layer 205 and is dissolved or leached by the fluid layer 207, such that when the concentration of the indicator in the fluid layer 207 becomes sufficiently high, the fluid layer 207 changes color.

In still further embodiments of the invention, the lens coating layer comprises a reactive species that reacts with an indicator in the fluid layer 207. For example, the lens coating layer 205 comprises a base material, such as sodium bicarbonate, which is leached from the lens coating layer 205 or is dissolved into the fluid layer 207 from the lens coating layer 205. The fluid layer 207 comprises a pH indicator and an acid material and when a sufficient amount of base material is dissolved into the fluid layer 207, then the acid material is naturalized and the pH indicator changes color, indicating the passage of a duration of time.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device 200 comprises a diffusion material 209. When the device 200 is activated, the diffusion material 209 begins to diffuse through the fluid layer 207, as indicated by the arrows 215. When the diffusion material 209 reaches the lens coating layer 205, the diffusion material 209 reacts with the lens coating layer 205 to provide a color change, dissolve the lens coating layer 205 and react with the indicator layer 203, or any combination thereof, to indicate the passage of a duration of time.

Still referring to FIG. 2, a timing device 200, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention also comprises an attaching means 213 for attaching the timing device 200 to a product or an object (not shown). The attaching means 213 is any suitable attaching means, and in some embodiments, comprises an adhesive layer for sticking the device 200 onto the product or object.

Now referring to FIG. 3A, a timing system 300, in accordance with a method of the invention, is fabricated in parts 310 and 320. A first part 310 of the system 300 comprises a first reactive region 307 formed on a suitable base 301. A second part 320 of the system 300 comprises a second reaction region 305 formed on a clear lens 303. One or both of the parts 310 and 320 comprise adhesive rings 311 and 309. To actuate the system 300, the parts are brought together such that the first reactive region 307 and the second reactive region 305 are eclipsed and in contact with each other. The adhesive rings 311 and 309 hold the first part 310 and the second part 320 together with the reactive regions 305 and 307 eclipsed and in contact. While in contact with each other, the first reactive region 307 and the second reactive region 305, undergo a chemical, physical or electrochemical process which alters the visibility of the base 310 through the lens 303, as described above. Each of the parts 310 and 320 of the system 300, in accordance with further embodiments of the invention, comprise a protective covering (not shown), such as a cellophane, which acts protective of the reactive regions 307 and 305, and is removed prior to use.

Now referring to FIG. 3B, a system 320, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, is formed by fabricating a plurality of first reactive regions 322 on a first piece of tape 321 and a plurality of second reactive regions 324 on a second piece of tape 323. In some embodiments, the tapes 321 and 323 have perforations 326 and 328 between each of the first reactive regions 322 and the second reactive regions 324. In some embodiments, the tapes 321 and 323 are configured to be dispensed from a roll dispenser (not shown) or any other suitable dispenser. The dispenser can be dispenser configured to attach to a household appliance using a magnet or any other suitable attachment means.

In use, an activated device is formed by removing a first part 327 comprising a first reactive region 322 and a second part 329 comprising a second reaction region 324 from the tapes 321 and 323 through the perforations 326 and 328, respectively. The first part 327 and the second part 329 are then combined with the first reactive region 322 and the second reactive region 324 eclipsed and in contact, as explained in detail above.

Now referring to FIG. 3C, in accordance with alternative embodiments of the invention, a system 340 comprises a plurality of first reactive regions 342 and second reactive regions 344 formed in an alternating fashion on single piece of tape 343. In use, an activated device is formed from a section 349 comprising a first reactive region 342 and a second reactive region 344 that is separated from the tape 343 through a perforation 348. The section 349 is then folded over onto itself through a seam 346, such that the first reactive region 342 and the second reactive region 348 are eclipsed and in contact with each other. While FIG. 3C, shows the first reactive regions 342 and the second reactive regions 344 being formed in an alternating fashion on single piece of tape 343 such that an active device is formed by folding one of the first reactive regions 342 and one of the second reactive regions 344 in an end-to-end fashion, it will be clear to one skilled in the art that a system can alternatively be formed on single piece of tape with first reactive regions and second reactive regions formed in rows, such that an active device is formed by folding one of the first reactive regions 342 and one of the second reactive regions 344 in a side-to-side fashion. It will be appreciated that forming first and second reactive regions using other configurations is also possible in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 4A shows a cross sectional view of a timing device 400, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention. As described previously, the device 400 comprises a lens 405 and a base 401. The device 400 also comprises an optical medium with one or more fluid layers 411 and 411′ and a membrane structure 412 therebetween. The device 400 further comprises a lens coating layer 403 and a reactive material 413 that is capable of reacting with the lens coating layer 403. To activate the timing device 400, the membrane structure 403 is ruptured allowing the reactive material 413 to mix with the fluid layers 411 and 411′ and react with the lens coating layer 403, thereby indicating the passage of a duration of time.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, a timing device 420, in accordance with further embodiments of the invention, comprises a lens 425, a metal base structure 421 and an ionic fluid medium or electrolyte 431, therebetween. The metal base structure 421 is formed from a first metal layer 424 with a first reduction potential and a second metal layer 422 with a second reduction potential that is substantially different from the first metal layer 424. The device 420 also has metal lens coating layer 423 with a reduction potential that is also substantially different from the first metal layer 424, but can be the same or nearly the same as the reduction potential of the second metal layer 422. To actuate the device the metal lens coating layer 423 and the second metal layer 422 are placed in electrical communication with each other. The potential difference between the first metal layer 424 and the second metal layer 422 will drive a current to flow and cause the metal lens coating layer 423 to become depleted over time, and plate out over the first metal layer, thereby indicating the passage of a duration of time.

In accordance with the embodiments of the invention, a timing device 420 comprises a lens 425 formed from a transparent polymer, such as polyester, or from a conductive polymer that is coated with a metal lens coating layer 423, such as aluminum. The timing device 420 further comprises a base structure 421 and a second electrode material 422. The second electrode material 422 can be any metal with a reduction potential that is different from a reduction potential of the first electrode material 423. Alternatively, the second electrode material 422 can be any metal with a reduction potential that is the same as the reduction potential of the first electrode material 423, when the device 420 is being operated as an electrolytic cell (viz. has a battery structure 421 or other source of electrons to drive the reduction and oxidation process). Between the first electrode material 423 and the base structure 421 is a colored electrolyte 431. When the timing device 420 is activated, the first electrode material 423 is depleted from the transparent lens 423 and the colored electrolyte 431 becomes visible, thereby indicating the passage of the duration of time.

In yet further embodiments of the invention, a metal screen (not shown) is in contact with one or both of the metal lens coating layer 423 and the second electrode material 422, to help ensure uniform depletion and/or plating of the electrode materials.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device 420 comprises an electrolyte 431 with an indicator that changes when the device 420 is activated, such as described above, and the electrochemical cell generates a sufficient concentration of an ion or a pH altering species within the electrolyte.

In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a timing device 440 is coupled to a circuit 450, as shown in FIG. 4C. The device 440 comprises a lens 443, a metal base 441, a reactive medium 451 and a lens coating layer 445. The ionic reactive medium 451 is capable of depleting or dissolving the lens coating layer 445, either chemically or electrochemically as explained previously, when the device 440 is activated. After the device is activated and the lens coating layer 445 is sufficiently depleted or dissolved, the ionic reactive medium 451 provides an electrical path to close the circuit 450 between the leads 447 and 448. The circuit 450, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, comprises a battery 446 and a piezo-electric element 449 that generate an audible signal when the device 440 expires and the circuit 450 is closed.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises a galvanic cell or an electrolytic cell, wherein one or more electrochemically active materials between a transparent lens and a base, such as metal ions and/or electrodes, are configured to be plated out or depleted and alters the visibility of the base through the lens and indicating the passage of a duration of time. Where a timing device is an electrochemical-based timing device, an actuator switch mechanism comprising electrical contacts can be used to actuate the device. The timing device, in accordance with still further embodiments of the invention, is in electrical communication with a thermosensor (not shown), wherein the thermosensor instructs the actuator switch to close a circuit between electrode elements of a galvanic or electrolytic cell within a range of temperatures.

Referring to FIG. 5, in accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a device comprises a film 500 with a plurality of zones (shown as 1-10). The zones can be arranged in any geometric pattern, but in some embodiments, are arranged in a linear fashion from a first end 510 to a second end 520 of the film 500. The zones are configured to change color at different rates and, therefore, provide an indication of the passage of a range of times. For example, when each of the zones represents one hour, then the film 500 as shown, indicates the passage of approximately 7 hours. In approximately one more hour, the next zone will change color and indicate the passage of approximately 8 hours.

Still referring to FIG. 5, each of the zones, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, comprises a photographic, chemical and/or electro-chemical material, as described in detail above. When the zones (shown as 1-10) comprise photographic materials, the zones can be made to have different rates of reaction by using photographic materials with different sensitivities to heat, light and/or developer and/or by varying the thickness of diffusion layers deposited over each of the zones, such as described below. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the zones are made to have different rates of reaction and/or sensitivity to a developer by pre-treating the zones to a range of different light and/or heat exposures, wherein the zones with longer exposures will develop and change color faster than zones with shorter exposures after being activated.

Still referring to FIG. 5, when the zones (shown as 1-10) comprise chemical and/or electro-chemical material(s), as described in detail above and in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, the zones are made to have different rates of reactivity and/or sensitivity. Accordingly, each zone has a different expiration time and indicated passage of a different amount of time and the zones viewed collectively indicate passage of a total time. This embodiment has particular applications for managing inventories of food items in a household refrigerator by indicating how long the food items have been in the refrigerator, regardless of whether or not the food items have spoiled or aged past a freshness date.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional representation of a section of timing film 600, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention. The section of timing film 600 is formed by coating or depositing a photographic layer 605, which can include silver, silver halide, gelatin, cellulose, fatty acids, developers or combinations thereof, onto a base structure 603. In some embodiments, the base structure 603 is formed from a polymeric material, such as polyester, and can also include an adhesive layer (not shown) for attaching the section of timing film 600 to a consumer article (also not shown).

Still referring to FIG. 6, the section of film 600, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, further comprises a diffusion layer 615 comprising a diffusion material and a developer layer 611 comprising a developer. The diffusion material is any material that will allow the developer in the developer layer 611 to migrate to the photographic layer 605 causing the photographic layer 605 to change color or darken and indicate the passage of time. Suitable diffusion materials include, but are not limited to, gelatin, cellulose and combinations thereof.

In accordance with still further embodiments of the invention, the section of film 600 further comprises a barrier layer 613 that can be pulled out or removed to activate the device and allow the developer layer 611 to diffuse through the layer 615 and cause the photographic layer 605 to change color or darken and indicate the passage of time. Alternatively, the photographic layer 605 and the developer layer 611 are formed as separate parts that can be brought together to activate the device, as explained in detail above with reference to FIGS. 3A-C.

FIG. 7A shows a cross-sectional view of a reactive region 700 of a timing device. The reactive region 700 of the timing device reacts to produce a visual change and indicate a passage of time, as explained above. The timing device can also include a lens and a base (not shown), such as described with reference to FIGS. 1A-B and FIG. 2.

Still referring to FIG. 7A, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, the reactive region 700 comprises a first reactive portion 701 and a second reactive portion 703. The first reactive portion 701 and the second reaction portion 703 are, for example, metals with different reduction potentials that are capable of participating in the generation of an electrical potential in a galvanic cell or an electrolytic cell, as described previously. The reaction region 700 can also include an electrolyte 705 and electrical connections 711 and 713 which allow current to flow between the first reactive portion 701 and the second reaction portion 703 and generate a visual change to indicate a passage of time, as described above. In accordance with the embodiments of the invention, the reactive region 700 further comprises a compensating element 707 which is electrically coupled to the first reactive portion 701 and the second reactive portion 703 to compensate for changes in electrical potential and rates of reactions that can, and generally do, occur as a result of changes in temperature. The compensating element 707 can increase or decrease the rate that electrons flow through the electrical connections 711 and 713 with a change in temperature and the response to changes in temperature will depend on the application at hand. Suitable compensating elements include, but are not limited to, varistors, thermistors (both positive temperature compensating and negative temperature compensating thermistors) and/or combinations thereof. A varistor refers to an element that drops in resistance as the applied voltage across the varistor is increased. A positive temperature compensating thermistor refers to an element that drops in resistance as the temperature of the thermistor increases. A negative temperature compensating thermistor refers to an element that increases in resistance as the temperature of the thermistor increases.

Now referring to FIG. 7B, a timing device 720, in accordance the embodiments of the invention, comprises a lens 725, a metal base structure 721 and an ionic fluid medium or electrolyte 731, therebetween. The metal base structure 721 is formed from a first metal layer 724 with a first reduction potential and a second metal layer 722 with a second reduction potential that is substantially different from that of the first metal layer 724. The device 720 also has metal lens coating layer 723 with a reduction potential that is also substantially different from that of the first metal layer 724, but can be the same or nearly the same as the reduction potential of the second metal layer 722. To actuate the timing device 720 the metal lens coating layer 723 and the second metal layer 722 are placed in electrical communication with each other through connectors 731 and 733. The potential difference between the first metal layer 724 and the second metal layer 722 will drive a current to flow and cause the metal lens coating layer 723 to become depleted over time, and plate out over the first metal layer 724, thereby indicating the passage of a duration of time. Between the electrical connections 731 and 733 there is a compensating element 707, such as described above, that changes resistance in response to changes in applied potential, current flow, temperature or a combination thereof, thus making the timing device either more stable to the changes in temperature or more sensitive to the changes in temperature.

In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a timing device utilizes an electrochromic material. An electrochromic material refers to a material that changes color when the composition of the material is changed by use of an electrochemical cell or other voltage source. Electrochromic materials often exhibit reversible color changes and can be switched between two or more color states by reversing the polarity of an applied potential of a layer comprising the material that is in contact with an ion or metal ion source, as described in detail below. A number of materials exhibit electrochromism, including but not limited to, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, niobium oxide, iridium oxide and rhodium oxide, to name a few.

FIG. 8A shows an exemplary reaction for electrochromic tungsten oxide 803, which is transparent. To change the color of the tungsten oxide 803, electrons 804 are provided from a cathodic site of the device which reduces ions or metal ions (M+) from an ion source 802. The reduced ions or atoms then combine with the tungsten oxide 803 to form a metal-tungsten oxide complex or structure 805 which is blue. The process can be reversed by oxidizing the metal-tungsten oxide complex or structure 805 at an anodic site of the device.

FIG. 8B shows a schematic representation of a multi-layered electrochromic device 800 in accordance with the embodiments of the invention. The electrochromic device 800 comprises containment layers 821 and 833, at least one of which is transparent so that color changes in an electrochromic layer 825 can be observed. The device 800 also has electrode layers 823 and 829, an electrochromic layer 825 and a metal ion source layer 827 therebetween. The electrochromic layer 825 comprises one or more electrochromic materials and the metal ion source layer 827 comprises metal ions 822, such as those described above with respect to FIG. 8A. In operation, an electrical potential is applied across the electrode layers 823 and 829 and electrons 824 and 826 flow into the electrochromic layer 825 from the electrode layer 829. Metal ions 822 migrate from the metal ion source layer 827 into the electrochromic layer 825 where the metal ions are reduced by the electrons 824 and combine with an electrochromic material to produce a color change within the electrochromic layer 825. The electrical potential can be applied across the electrode layers 823 and 829 using a battery 832 that is electrically coupled to the electrode layer 823 and 829 through electrical connections 828 and 830 and one or more conductive layers 831. As described previously, the process can be reversed by reversing the polarity of the battery 832.

Now referring to FIG. 9A, a timing device 900, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention, comprises a layered electrochromic structure 916, which can include transparent constrainment layers 901 and 907 with an electrochromic layer 905 therebetween, similar to that described with reference to FIG. 8B. The timing device 900 can also include a base structure 903 that is viewable through the layered electrochromic structure 916 when the electrochromic layer 905 is in a transparent color state. In some embodiments, the device 900 also includes a driver circuit 910 that includes a voltage source 926 (FIG. 9B) that is electrically coupled to the electrochromic layer 905 through electrical connections 911 and 913. When an electrical potential is applied across the electrochromic layer 905, the electrochromic structure 916 switches from transparent and opaque and/or colored or switches for opaque and/or colored to transparent depending on the polarity of the electrical potential that is applied.

Now referring to FIG. 9B, the driver circuit 910, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, comprises a timing circuit 920, such as a digital timing circuit and a battery structure 926 for providing the electrical potential. The battery structure 926 comprises any suitable elements capable of generating an electrical potential sufficient to change the color state of the electrochromic layer 905 (FIG. 9A). Suitable battery elements include, but are not limited to, a first electrode structure 921, a second electrode structure 923 and an electrolyte structure 922. In operation, the timing circuit 920 can act as a switch that maintains an open circuit between the battery structure 926 and the electrochromic layer 905 (FIG. 9A) for a prescribed period of time and then closes the circuit between the battery structure 926 and the electrochromic layer 905 after the prescribed period of time causing a color change in the layered electrochromic structure 916 (FIG. 9A).

In accordance with yet further embodiments the invention, the driver circuit 910 is programmable and can be programmed to switch or change the color state of the layered electrochromic structure 916 in a range of prescribed times that are selectable by the user and/or manufacturer. In still further embodiments of the invention, the layered electrochromic structure 916 is divided into zones, wherein the zones are activated in a range of prescribed times and the zones individually or collectively change color to indicate the passage of time or the passage of a range of times, such as previously described with reference to FIG. 5.

In accordance with still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises an electrochemical cell configuration, such as described with respect to FIGS. 4B-C and 7B, wherein the timing device comprises a plurality of sub cells or zones that individually or collectively indicate the passage of time or the passage of a range of times, such as previously described with reference to FIG. 5. For example, a timing device is configured with a plurality of sub cells or zones that each includes a first set of electrodes formed from a first electrode material. The first electrodes are electrically isolated from each other and are in electrical communication with a second electrode or second set of electrodes formed from a second electrode material through resistors having a range of different resistivities.

Now referring to FIG. 10 showing a schematic representation of a timing device 250 with an electrochemical structure 252 and an indicating layer 257. The electrochemical structure 252 can be configured in any number of different ways, such as described above, but in some embodiments, comprises an indicating electrolyte 253, a top electrode 255 and a bottom electrode 251. In operation, the device 250 is activated through an activating mechanism (not shown) and the top electrode 255 is depleted or partially depleted. The indicating electrolyte 253 then contacts the indicating layer 257 and changes the appearance of the indicating layer 257. For example, the indicating electrolyte 253 is colored and the indicating layer 257 is formed from a porous or an absorbent material, such as cellulose. When the top electrode 257 is depleted, or partially depleted, the indicating electrolyte 253 is absorbed into the indicating layer 257 providing a visual indication of a passage of time. The timing device 250 can also include a protective cover 258 or clear lens, such as described previously. The indicating layer 257 helps to provide a uniform visual indication of the passage of time, even when depletion, or partial depletion, of the top electrode 255 is not uniform. The timing device 250 can also be equipped with a compensating element (not shown) and any other number of auxiliary elements, such as described with reference to the previous embodiments. Further, it is understood that the timing device 250 can be sectionalized or compartmentalized to indicate the passage of a range of times, also described with reference to previous embodiments.

Referring now to FIG. 11 showing a schematic representation of timing device 105 comprising a solid-state electrolyte 151 that is sandwiched between electrode structures 153 and 155. The electrode structures 153 and 155 can be formed from any number of different materials and combinations of materials, including metal coated polymer. For example, the solid-state electrolyte 151 comprises one or more materials selected from the group of silver halide (e.g. AgI and RbAg₄I₅), silver selenide (e.g. Ag₂Se), sodium ion complexes (e.g. sodium β-Aluminum and NASICON), lithium ion complexes (e.g. LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂ and LiMnO₂), oxides (e.g cubic stabilized ZrO₂, δ-Bi2O₃, and defect Perovskites) and Fluoride ion complexes (e.g. PbF₂, BaF₂, SrF₂ and CaF₂). In operation, the electrode structures 153 and 155 are electrically coupled through an activating mechanism 157 that is a switch, a timing circuit or any other activating mechanism. Electrically coupling the electrode structures 153 and 155 results in the depletion or partial depletion of one or more electrode materials and provides an indication of the passage of time. The timing device 150 with the solid-state electrolyte 151 can, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, be formed as a plurality of sub cells or zones that individually or collectively indicate the passage of time or the passage of a range of times, such as previously described with reference to FIG. 5.

Referring now to FIG. 12, a solid-state timing device 350 is formed in parts with a first electrode structure 352 formed on a first piece of a substrate 351 and a second electrode structure 354 formed on a second piece of the substrate 351′. The first electrode structure 352 comprises a first metal layer 359 and a solid-state electrolyte layer 361 formed thereon. The second electrode structure 354 comprises a second metal layer 355, wherein the first metal layer 359 and the second metal layer 355 are formed from metals with different reduction potentials, such as described in detail above.

Still referring to FIG. 12, the first piece of the substrate 351 and the second piece of the substrate 351′ can be formed from any number of different materials or combinations of materials, such as glass, metal or plastic. In some embodiments, the first piece of the substrate 351 and the second piece of the substrate 351′ are formed from plastic, such as polyester or another similar transparent material. In accordance with further embodiments of the invention, removable protective layers 353 and 357 are formed over the first electrode structure 352 and the second electrode structure 354, respectively. In operation, the protective layers 353 and 357 are removed and the first piece of the substrate 351 and the second piece of the substrate 351′ are folded along a fold or perforation 363 as indicated by the arrow 365, such that the first electrode structure 352 and the second electrode structure 354 make ohmic contact and actuate the timing device 350. As described in detail above, depletion of at least one of the metal layers 359 and 355 provides a visual indication of a passage of a duration of time through one of the first piece of the substrate 351 and the second piece of the substrate 351′.

In accordance with still further embodiments of the invention, the timing device 350 comprises a switch mechanism (not shown), a compensating element (not shown) and/or an indicator layer (not shown), such as described above. Further, one or both of the first and second electrode structures 352 and 354 can be divided into sub-cells or zones, such that the sub-cells or zones collectively provide a visual indication of a passage of a range of durations of time.

Referring now to FIGS. 13A-B, a timing device 1300 includes, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, an electrode structure 1304 that has a grid array architecture. The timing device 1300 includes an electrolyte layer 1315 that is formed or placed on a suitable base layer 1321. The base layer 1321 is formed from any suitable material including, but not limited to, plastic, glass, metal and combinations thereof. On top of or over the electrolyte layer or deposited onto the lens layer 1323, is the electrode structure 1304. The electrode structure 1304 includes an anode layer 1301 and a cathode layer 1302. In some embodiments, the cathode layer 1302 does not contact the electrolyte layer 1315 and is separated from the electrolyte layer 1315 by an insulating layer 1319. The anode layer 1301 is in contact with the electrolyte layer 1315. The electrolyte layer 1315 is formed from a solid-sate material, a liquid material, a gel material and/or a semi-solid paste material or a salt type electrolyte.

Still referring to FIGS. 13A-B, a thermistor layer 1305 may be incorporated into an anode layer and is preferably formed along side of the main or depletable anode layer 1301 and the cathode layer 1302. Also, an array of cathode structures 1313 and 1313′ are formed over the anode layer 1301 and the thermistor layer 1305 to provide electrical contacts between the thermistor layer 1305 and the anode layer 1301. There is also at least one contact trace 1317 between the cathode layer 1302 and the thermistor layer 1305 allowing for electrical conductivity. The anode layer 1301, the cathode layer 1302, the thermistor layer 1305, the cathode trace structures 1313 and 1313′ and the contact trace 1317 can be formed using any suitable technique known in the art including, but not limited to, vapor deposition, sputtering and micro-printing techniques.

The timing device 1300 with a grid array architecture preferably includes a mechanism for activating the timing device, such as described above. When the timing device 1300 is activated, the anode layer 1301 begins to deplete in a direction away from the cathode layer 1302, as indicated by the arrow 1311, thereby exposing sequentially positioned cathode structures 1313 and 1313′. Newly exposed cathode trace structures provide points of unequal electrical potential causing current to flow. As anode material depletes away from the newly exposed trace, distance between the leading edges of each increases, which increase resistance and decreases rate of depletion until a new cathode trace is exposed once again and thus control the rate that the anode layer 1301 is depleted. The number, the spacing, the thicknesses and geometries of the cathode trace structures 1313 and 1313′ as well as the anode layer 1301, the cathode layer 1302 and the thermistor layer 1305, are designed or tailored for the application at hand. Further, the material used to form the thermistor layer 1305, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, is selected to regulate the electrical current or overall depletion rate of the anode layer 1301 to be temperature independent. As described in detail above, a timing device, such as the timing device 1300, includes a protective lens or window 1323 through which depletion of the anode layer 1301 is directly or indirectly is observed.

Referring now to FIG. 14, a timing device 1400 comprises an anode layer 1401, a cathode layer 1412 and an electrolyte (not shown) attached to a lens area 1415. As shown in FIG. 14, the anode layer 1401 and the cathode layer 1412 are positioned adjacent to one another along the longitudinal axis of the timing device 1400. Upon activation of the timing device 1400, the anode layer 1401 is depleted longitudinally away from and perpendicular to the cathode layer 1412 as demonstrated by the arrow. Depletion of the anode layer 1401 occurs at a point nearest to the cathode layer 1412 first and progresses longitudinally away from and perpendicular to the cathode layer 1412. Depletion of the anode layer 1401 occurs at an initial rate which lessens as the anode layer 1401 depletes away from the cathode trace 1412. In some embodiments, the device comprises multiple anode depletion patterns 1402 printed or deposited onto the lens 1415 that are uncovered as depletion of the anode layer 1401 progresses.

Referring now to FIG. 15, a timing device 1500 comprises a grid array architecture. In accordance with this embodiment, the timing device comprises an anode layer 1501, an electrolyte (not shown) and a plurality of cathode trace structures 1513 that are reintroduced throughout the timing device 1500. Upon activation of the timing device 1500, the anode layer 1501 is depleted at a point nearest the first cathode trace structure at the beginning of the timing device 1505 and progresses in a direction longitudinally away from and perpendicular to the first cathode trace structure 1513 to the second cathode trace structure 1513′. The anode layer then depletes from the second cathode trace structure 1513′ to the third cathode trace structure 1513″ and so on to each subsequent cathode trace structure. Depletion of the anode layer 1501 occurs at an initial rate, wherein the rate of depletion of the anode layer 1501 decreases as the anode layer 1501 progresses farther from the first cathode trace structure 1513 to the second cathode trace structure 1513′. When the anode layer 1501 has depleted to the second cathode trace structure 1513′ the depletion of the anode layer 1501 once again occurs at the initial rate, and so on to each subsequent cathode trace structure. In some embodiments, the cathode trace structures 1513 are reintroduced throughout the timing device at evenly spaced intervals. In these embodiments, the anode layer 1501 overall depletes at a constant rate throughout the timing device as shown by the progression from 1513 to 1513″. In some embodiments, the cathode trace structures 1513 are introduced throughout the timing device 1500 at unevenly spaced intervals. In some embodiments, the cathode trace structures 1513 are reintroduced throughout the timing device at progressively closer intervals 1524 such that there is an acceleration of the depletion of the anode layer 1501 as the timing device 1500 nears expiration.

In some embodiments, a timing device is activated when a quantity of electrolyte (not shown) contacts a main body of electrolyte (not shown) of the timing device 1500 such that an electrical circuit is completed. In these embodiments, the timing device 1500 is manufactured with an anode layer 1501, an electrolyte and a plurality of cathode trace structures 1513 reintroduced throughout the timing device 1500. The timing device 1500 is manufactured in the closed position with a quantity of electrolyte only partially deposited just short of contacting the cathode layer. The timing device 1500 further comprises a protective reservoir containing a small amount of electrolyte (not shown) molded to the cathode layer and protruding outward. The timing device 1500 is activated when a consumer applies pressure to the protrusion thereby breaking the protective barrier and depositing the small quantity of electrolyte into contact with the main body of the electrolyte and activating the timing device 1500.

In further embodiments, a timing device comprises a sensing material and/or a component which is sensitive to the presence of an environmental attribute. The environmental attribute drives and speeds up or slows the timing device as the concentration of the attribute increases or decreases, respectively. Alternatively, the timing device is activated upon sensing the presence of the environmental attribute and indicates a total passage of time from exposure/activation of the timing device. Particularly, sensing materials of varying types are able to be used to indicate exposure to a variety of substances. For example, in some embodiments, the timing device comprises a sensing material which is sensitive to the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Alternatively, the sensing material is sensitive to other variables such as x-ray radiation and nuclear radiation. In further embodiments, the sensing material is sensitive to biological or physical contamination.

Referring now to FIG. 16, a timing device 1600 is shown therein. The timing device 1600 comprises an anode layer 1601, one or more cathode trace structures 1613 and an electrolyte (not shown) attached to a lens area 1615. In some embodiments, the timing device 1600 further comprises an attachment mechanism 1617 for attaching the timing device 1600 to an additional article. As shown in FIG. 16, the anode layer 1601 and the one or more cathode trace structures 1613 are positioned adjacent to each other along the longitudinal axis of the timing device 1600. In some embodiments, the one or more cathode trace structures 1613 are reintroduced throughout the timing device at evenly spaced intervals. In some embodiments, as described above, upon activation of the timing device 1600, the anode layer 1601 is depleted longitudinally away from and perpendicular to the cathode layer as shown by the arrow. As the anode layer 1601 is depleted, one or more anode depletion patterns 1602 printed or deposited onto the lens 1615 are uncovered. In some embodiments, as the anode layer 1601 depletes at a uniform rate and the one or more depletion patterns 1602 collectively indicate a total passage of time.

In further embodiments, the anode layer 1601 comprises a sensing material which is sensitive to the presence of an environmental attribute, such as described above. In some embodiments, the sensing material speeds up or slows down the timing device 1600 based upon the concentration of the environmental attribute. For example, in some embodiments, the anode layer 1601 is sensitive to the presence of ultraviolet radiation. In these embodiments, as the concentration of ultraviolet radiation increases, the anode layer 1601 depletes at a faster rate. In some embodiments, the anode layer 1601 comprises one or more of zinc (Zn), silver chloride (AgCl), silver bromide (AgBr) and silver iodide (AgI) or other suitable substance which is sensitive to the presence of ultraviolet radiation. In these embodiments, the rate of depletion of the anode layer 1601 is directly related to the level of exposure of the timing device to ultraviolet light. Particularly, the timing device 1600 and the anode layer 1601 are able to be adjusted for a desired rate of depletion based upon a specified concentration of ultraviolet light.

In some embodiments, the one or more depletion patterns 1602 are arranged to indicate a level of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. For example, upon initial activation, a first depletion pattern is exposed which indicates a green/low level of exposure. Then, as the anode layer 1601 is further depleted, subsequent depletion patterns are displayed to indicate an orange/medium and red/high level of exposure. In these embodiments, a green/low level of exposure constitutes a safe level of exposure while a red/high level of exposure indicates a level of exposure at which cellular damage or other harm may occur. In this manner, the timing device 1600 indicates an accumulated level of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Alternatively, the timing device is activated upon sensing the presence of ultraviolet light and progresses at a consistent rate to indicate to a total time of exposure to ultraviolet light irrespective of concentration.

In further embodiments, as shown in FIG. 17A, a timing device comprises a film 1700 with a plurality of zones (shown as 1-10), such as described in relation to FIGS. 5 and 6. The zones are configured to change color at different rates and, therefore, provide an indication of the passage of a range of times. For example, when each of the zones represents one hour, then the film 1700 as shown, indicates the passage of approximately 7 hours. In approximately one more hour, the next zone will change color and indicate the passage of approximately 8 hours.

As described above, each of the zones, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, is able to have different rates of reaction by using photographic materials with different sensitivities to heat, light and/or developer and/or by varying the thickness of diffusion layers deposited over each of the zones, such as described below. In further embodiments, each of the zones is able to have different rates of reaction based on the presence of an environmental attribute. For example, in some embodiments, each of the zones has a different rate of reaction relative to the presence of ultraviolet light based upon the incorporation of ultraviolet stabilizers and/or varying the thickness of an absorption layer (not shown). Alternatively, each of the zones is able to have a different rate of reaction based upon a different environmental attribute, as described above.

FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional representation of a section of the timing film 1700, in accordance with some embodiments. The section of timing film 1701 is formed by coating or depositing a photographic layer 1705, which can include silver, silver halide, gelatin, cellulose, fatty acids, developers or combinations thereof, onto a base structure 1703. In some embodiments, the base structure 1703 is formed from a polymeric material, such as polyester, and can also include an adhesive layer (not shown) for attaching the section of timing film 1700 to a an additional article.

In some embodiments, the section of film 1701, further comprises a diffusion layer 1715 comprising a diffusion material and a developer layer 1711 comprising a developer, as described above in relation to FIG. 6. As described above, the diffusion material allows the developer in the developer layer 1711 to migrate to the photographic layer 1705 causing the photographic layer 1705 to change color or darken and indicate the passage of time. In some embodiments, the section of film 1701 further comprises a barrier layer 1713 that can be pulled out or removed to activate the device and allow the developer layer 1711 to diffuse through the layer 1715 and cause the photographic layer 1705 to change color or darken and indicate the passage of time.

In further embodiments, the barrier layer 1713 comprises a polymer which is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation or another environmental attribute. In these embodiments, the presence of ultraviolet radiation breaks down and severs the barrier layer 1713 to allow the developer layer 1711 to diffuse through the layer 1715. The barrier layer 1713 is able to have differing sensitivities to ultraviolet light based upon the thickness of the barrier layer 1713 and/or its absorption characteristics as well as the clarity of the developer layer 1711. Alternatively, as described above, the photographic layer 1705 and the developer layer 1711 are formed as separate parts that can be brought together to activate the device, as explained in detail above with reference to FIGS. 3A-C.

As described above, in some embodiments the timing device comprises an attachment mechanism. In some embodiments, the attachment mechanism removably couples the timing device with an external holder. FIG. 18A illustrates an external holder 1800 for a timing device. In some embodiments, the timing device comprises a photographic, chemical, and/or electro-chemical timing device. The external holder 1800 comprises an attachment area 1825, an outside lip 1823 for further holding the timing device, and a securing mechanism 1821 for removably attaching the external holder to an additional object. As shown in FIG. 18A, the securing mechanism 1821 is a clip. However, the securing mechanism 1821 is able to be any appropriate securing mechanism as known in the art. For example, in some embodiments the securing mechanism 1821 is one or more of a hook and loop fastening system and a snap. In further embodiments, the external holder 1800 is a component of an additional article such as a name badge or a visitor's badge. In some embodiments, the external holder 1800 is attached to an item of clothing such as a lab coat. However, as will be apparent to someone of ordinary skill in the art, the external holder 1800 is able to be attached to any appropriate item as known in the art.

Referring now to FIG. 18B, a timing device 1600 is shown removably coupled to the external holder 1800. In some embodiments, a user is able to couple the timing device 1600 to the external holder 1800 for use before activation and then remove and discard the timing device 1600 after it has expired. In some embodiments, the timing device 1600 is activated when it is coupled to the external holder 1800. Alternatively, the timing device 1600 is manually activated, or activated upon sensing the presence of the environmental attribute as described above. After the timing device 1600 is discarded, the external holder 1800 is able to be reused with one or more additional timing devices. For example, in some embodiments, the external holder 1800 is able to be used with a timing device 1700 as described above.

As described above, in some embodiments, the timing device is made sensitive certain environmental attributes irrespective of time and/or temperature. Particularly, sensing materials of varying types are able to be incorporated within the timing device to indicate a time of exposure as well as a level of exposure. For example, the timing device is particularly adaptable for indicating a time and/or level of exposure to harmful environmental attributes including ultraviolet radiation, x-ray radiation, nuclear, radiation, biological contamination and physical contamination, to name a few. In this respect, the timing device has application for indicating when a safe time or exposure threshold has been reached.

Additionally, the timing device has applications for marking when any number of different events need to take place and/or for timing the duration of any number of different events. For example, the timing device has applications for indicating when perishable materials have expired and need to be thrown out, indicating the age of inventory and managing when the inventory needs to be rotated, tracking a deadline and a host of other time and/or temperature dependent events. One advantage is that the timing device is able to be fabricated in two or more reactive parts, wherein the device is not activated, or made sensitive to the environment (such as temperature), until the parts are electrically coupled together, as explained in detail above. Accordingly, the shelf life of the timing device prior to use is enhanced and the sensitivity of the device to environmental conditions prior to use is reduced.

The present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments incorporating details to facilitate the understanding of the principles of construction and operation of the invention. As such, references, herein, to specific embodiments and details thereof are not intended to limit the scope of the claims appended hereto. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications can be made in the embodiments chosen for illustration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1-22. (canceled)
 23. A timing device for indicating an exposure to an environmental attribute, comprising: a. one or more reactive zones, the one or more reactive zones configured to change color at a different time after being activated and being geometrically arranged to collectively indicate a total exposure to the environmental attribute, wherein the timing device is activated upon initial exposure to the environmental attribute.
 24. The timing device of claim 23, wherein a portion of the reactive zones comprises a photosensitive medium that as developed changes color.
 25. The timing device of claim 23, wherein a portion of the reactive zones comprise a diffusion layer and a dye that migrates through the diffusion layer to change color.
 26. The timing device of claim 23, wherein a portion of the reactive zones comprises an electro-chemical material that is reduced or oxidized to change color.
 27. The timing device of claim 23, wherein a rate of color change of the one or more reactive zones is directly related to a concentration of the environmental attribute.
 28. The timing device of claim 23, wherein the total exposure is a range of time.
 29. A system for monitoring a level of exposure to an environmental attribute, comprising: a. a timing device for indicating an exposure to the environmental attribute; and b. an external holder for holding the timing device that comprises an attachment mechanism for attaching the system to an additional article.
 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the external holder comprises a name badge or visitor identification.
 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the additional article is an item of clothing.
 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the environmental attribute comprises ultraviolet radiation.
 33. The system of claim 29, wherein the environmental attribute comprises one or more of x-ray radiation and nuclear radiation.
 34. The system of claim 29, wherein the environmental attribute comprises one or more of physical contamination and biological contamination.
 35. A timing device for monitoring an exposure to an environmental attribute comprising: a. a base layer; and b. a sensing material that is sensitive to the environmental attribute, wherein after activation the sensing material is depleted and one or more depletion patterns are displayed in order to indicate an exposure to the environmental attribute.
 36. The timing device of claim 35, wherein the environmental attribute comprises ultraviolet radiation.
 37. The timing device of claim 35, wherein the environmental attribute comprises one or more of x-ray radiation and nuclear radiation.
 38. The timing device of claim 35, wherein the environmental attribute comprises one or more of physical contamination and biological contamination.
 39. The timing device of claim 35, wherein the timing device is activated upon sensing the environmental attribute.
 40. The timing device of claim 35, wherein the timing device is manually activated.
 41. The timing device of claim 35, wherein the rate of depletion is directly related to a concentration of the environmental attribute.
 42. The timing device of claim 35, where the rate of depletion is related to a total time of exposure to the environmental attribute.
 43. The timing device of claim 35, wherein the timing device is configured for coupling with an external holder for holding the timing device
 44. The timing device of claim 43, wherein the holder comprises an attachment mechanism for attaching to an additional article. 